
In 1886 the Sprague Electric Railway & Motor Company, founded by , introduced two important inventions: a constant-speed, non-sparking motor with fixed brushes, and regenerative braking. Early examples of this system in road vehicles were the conversions of horse-drawn by in Paris in the 1890s. The Krieger electric had a driv. RBSs facilitate kinetic energy recuperation through vehicle braking processes, thus avoiding the usual dissipation of energy (heat) due to friction-based brake pads. [pdf]
We can classify the energy-storing devices used for regenerative vehicle braking into three categories: hydraulic energy storage devices (HES), flywheel energy storage devices , and electric energy storage devices [9, 10].
Regenerative braking modeling, control and simulation of a hybrid energy storage system for an electric vehicle in extreme conditions IEEE Trans Transportation Electrification, 2 ( 4) ( 2016), pp. 465 - 479 A survey on hybrid energy storage system for EV with regenerative braking
When braking, the vehicle with the regenerative braking system can convert part of the kinetic energy into chemical energy or mechanical energy storage. The main components of energy flow include the battery, UC, DC converter, motor, reducer, drive shaft and half shaft.
The electric energy of energy storage system is transformed into kinetic energy by motor, gearbox and differential during acceleration. When regenerative braking, kinetic energy is transferred to energy storage system through the opposite process.
Based on this, the power of the motor can be obtained by combining the electric braking torque, and the braking intensity can be calculated based on the vehicle speed. The energy management system then derives the optimal electric braking torque based on the braking intensity and sends it to the braking controller.
Based on the established model and energy flow analysis above, the effective storage power function under braking condition is defined as (19) where is the average terminal voltage of battery, is the average terminal voltage of UC. Substitute (20) and (21) into (19), it can be derived that (22) where , and .
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